These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Above all else, he wanted to regain the initiative and take the fight to the Japanese. After regrouping and one more very successful fleet sortie, Halsey faced a Court of Inquiry about the typhoon but no negligence was assigned. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He felt a "kinship" with his ancestors, including Captain John Halsey of colonial Massachusetts who served in the Royal Navy in Queen Anne's War from 1702 to 1713 where he raided French shipping. 0 . Diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Geoffrey Aronson February 4, 2023. [6], After waiting two years to receive an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, Halsey decided to study medicine at the University of Virginia and then join the Navy as a physician. Col. West, a graduate of Redfield College, Redfield,. In the resulting Battle of Leyte Gulf, Halsey and Kinkaid won victories on October 23 and 24 over the attacking Japanese surface ships. Immediately after the surrender of Japan, 54 ships of the Third Fleet returned to the United States, with Halsey's four-star flag flying from USS South Dakota, for the annual Navy Day Celebrations in San Francisco on October 27, 1945. In late October, the Third Fleet was assigned to provide cover for the landings on Leyte and to support Vice Admiral Thomas Kinkaid's Seventh Fleet. Brother of Margaret Bradford Halsey. 30 October 1882 - 16 August 1959. . He then returned to sea duty, again in destroyers in European waters, in command of USSDale and USSOsborne. Believing Kurita's force to have been defeated, Halsey elected to pursue Ozawa without properly informing Nimitz or Kinkaid of his intentions. Halsey had no surface forces anywhere near equivalent strength to oppose them. That September, his ships provided cover for the landings on Peleliu, before embarking on a series of damaging raids on Okinawa and Formosa. John Sidney McCain, Jr., who captained the submarine Gunnel, was the son of the legendary Vice Adm. John Sidney McCain, Sr. All available aircraft from the two carriers were committed to the raid itself. Did Admiral Halsey lose a son in the war? It was even used in a campaign to sell war bonds. how did the ingrid cyclone impact the people/communities. Death: September 23, 2003 (88) La Jolla, San Diego, California. [39] Then, Halsey ordered Task Force 34 south. As a first to last combatant of the Pacific War, he launched aircraft into the Sunday surprise on December 7, 1941, and forty-five months later stood witness to the end of Imperial Japan on the deck of the battleship Missouri. "World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr." ThoughtCo. Halsey died on August 16, 1959, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Charles Perry Mason (January 12, 1891 - August 15, 1971) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Navy wit The South Pacific Area was expecting the arrival of an additional air group to support their next offensive. At the start of the War in the Pacific (19411945), Halsey commanded the task force centered on the carrier USSEnterprise in a series of raids against Japanese-held targets. Halsey's slogan, "Hit hard, hit fast, hit often," soon became a byword for the Navy. What the hell's the matter with you? The Library of Congress > Chronicling America > The Nome nugget. World War II: Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. The Fast Carrier Task Force was able to bring to battle enough air power to overpower land based aircraft and dominate whatever area the fleet was operating in. On March 4, 1951, Halsey appeared as a mystery guest on episode No. My boy? he asked. Four days after the Japanese . At this time, officers selected for carrier command were required to have aviation training and King recommended that Halsey complete the course for aerial observers, as it would fulfill the requirement. The urgent inquiry had seemingly become a stinging rebuke. William Frederick "Bull" Halsey Jr. (October 30, 1882 - August 16, 1959) was an American Navy admiral during World War II.He is one of four officers to have attained the rank of five-star fleet admiral of the United States Navy, the others being William Leahy, Ernest King, and Chester W. Nimitz.. Born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Halsey graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1904. Finally, at 11:49am, Halsey issued the order for the ships of the fleet to take the most comfortable course available to them. What kind of plan did Frederick Halsey use? Gaunt and having lost 20 pounds (9.1kg), he was medically ordered to the hospital in Hawaii and was successfully treated. Managed by: Leadership Academy, List of United States military leaders by rank, "Home Town Roars Salute to Halsey; The Commander of the Third Fleet Returns to His Hometown in New Jersey", "An Interview with Joseph Jacob 'Joe' Foss", "William Bull Halsey: Legendary World War II Admiral", "Following Advance for Use Sunday, Aug. 16", "Admiral William F. Halsey Jr. He was 91. William Halsey inspected Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Non-Commercial educational use for the purpose of teaching and instruction, including internal training. In response to the invasion, the Japanese launched their final major naval effort, an operation known as 'Sho-Go', involving almost all their surviving fleet. William Halsey Jr./Cause of death As Richard Frank commented in his account of the Battle for Guadalcanal: Halsey said he gave this order to conform to Army practice and for comfort. The term stems from pre-war planning, called the color plans because each nation included was given a color code name. While conducting operations off the Philippines, the fleet had to discontinue refueling due to a Pacific storm. Under Halsey the fleet was designated Third Fleet and the Fast Carrier Task Force was designated "Task Force 38". He led Destroyer Division Three through 1932, when he was sent to the Naval War College. did admiral halsey's son died in wwiimeat carving knife blank. Mistaking the escort carriers for Halsey's fleet carriers, and fearing entrapment from the six battleships of the Third Fleet battleship group, he decided to withdraw back through the San Bernardino Strait and to the west without achieving his objective of disrupting the Leyte landing. In the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, Halsey's Third Fleet, along with Admiral Thomas Kincaid's Seventh Fleet, destroyed the Japanese Navy and eliminated it from the war. Naval Attach in 1922. psoriasis During this time he was promoted to lieutenant commander. While vacationing on Fishers Island, New York, Halsey died of a heart attack at age 76 on August 16, 1959. Since Enterprise was still laid up in Pearl Harbor undergoing repairs following the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, and the other ships of Task Force 16 were still being readied, he began a familiarization trip to the south Pacific on October15, 1942, arriving at area headquarters at Nouma in New Caledonia on October 18. By Michael Haskew. Ibid, p. 510. Naval intelligence had strongly ascertained that the Japanese were planning an attack on the central Pacific island of Midway. did admiral halsey's son died in wwii. Traditional naval doctrine envisioned naval combat fought between opposing battleship gun lines. The situation was saved when Kurita retreated of his own accord after becoming concerned about the possibility of an aerial attack from Halsey's carriers. Admiral William F Halsey, Commander of Allied Naval Forces in the South Pacific, poses for a photograph with a junior officer who is serving under him. The Death of U.S. The film's working titles were The Admiral Halsey Story and Bull Halsey.The Gallant Hours closes with the following written statement: "Sincere appreciation is acknowledged for the cooperation extended by the United States Department of Defense and, most specifically, by the United States Navy and Marine Corps." According to a Jun 1960 LAEx article, director Robert Montgomery came up with . In February 1942, Halsey led one of the first American counterattacks of the conflict when he took Enterprise and Yorktown on a raid through the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. Halsey led the South Pacific command through what was for the U.S. Navy the most tenuous phase of the war. He remained in destroyers until 1921 and ultimately commanded Destroyer Divisions 32 and 15. Halsey died on August 16, 1959, while on holiday on Fishers Island, New York. Halsey was one of the highest-ranking officers in U.S. naval history. Halsey instead elected to take the full 12-week Naval Aviator (pilot) course rather than the simpler aerial observer program. Sidmartin Halsey died on Fisher's Island, New York, while on vacation on August 16, 1959. On October 24, 1944, Halsey fell into a Japanese trap. It was thought this fleet would largely come into being by late 1943, early 1944. bombardment of a number of Japanese coastal cities, International Telephone and Telegraph Company, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Admiral William F. Halsey Jr. Force played a vital but often overlooked role in the World the Asiatic Torpedo Flotilla of whom were Japanese! The "Big Blue Fleet" was the name given to the main fleet of the U.S. Navy in the Pacific. 16-20 August 1959. [19][incomplete short citation] In the early months of the war, as the nation was rocked by the fall of one western bastion after another, Halsey looked to take the fight to the enemy. Carrier-based aircraft were lighter in design and had not been shown to be as lethal. On 16 August 1959, less than a month after the death of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, another five-star admiral, William F. Halsey, Jr., at the age of seventy-six died of a heart attack at Fishers Island, New York. Richard H. Best, a former Navy bomber pilot who scored hits on two of the four Japanese aircraft carriers sunk in the critical Battle of Midway during World War II, has died. [3] The split command structure was intended to confuse the Japanese and created a higher tempo of operations. Meanwhile, the major part Third Fleet continued to close on Ozawa's Northern Force, which included one fleet carrier (the last surviving Japanese carrier of the six that had attacked Pearl Harbor) and three light carriers. He was involved in a number of efforts to preserve his former flagship USSEnterprise as a memorial in New York Harbor. On 16 August 1959, while vacationing on Fisher's Island off Connecticut's shore, the admiral died of a heart attack. In October 1922, he was the Naval Attach at the American Embassy in Berlin, Germany. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. While he had approval from his wife to train as an observer, she learned from a letter after the fact that he had changed to pilot training, and she told her daughter, "What do you think the old fool is doing now? Halsey cooled but continued to steam Third Fleet northward to close on Ozawa's Northern Force for a full hour after receiving the signal from Nimitz. Halsey later described the threat to the landings as "the most desperate emergency that confronted me in my entire term as ComSoPac. [17] The plane was shot down, and her pilot and crew were lost. When a reporter asked Halsey if he thought MacArthur's fleet (7th Fleet) would get to Tokyo first, the admiral grinned and answered "We're going there together." Father of Jane Halsey; Heidi Halsey and Anne Halsey. jim martin death couples massage class san diego beaver falls football did james cagney have a limp in real life. What happened to admiral Halsey son? William Halsey Jr. (October 30, 1882August 16, 1959) was an American naval commander who achieved fame for his service during World War II. The U.S. Navy remained at sea and on station, dominating whatever region it entered. [59], Halsey never held the rank of lieutenant (junior grade), as he was appointed a full lieutenant after three years of service as an ensign. This was the case until 1942. As the war progressed it moved out of the South Pacific and into the Central Pacific. Admiral Nimitz, CINCPAC, was in attendance at the court, Vice Admiral John H. Hoover presided over the Court, with admirals George D. Murray and Glenn B. Davis as associate judges. Bill's father, five-star fleet admiral William F. Halsey, was one of our honorary classmates. This article is converted from Wikipedia: Charles P. Mason. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This resulted in Halsey dreading the 13th of every month, especially when it fell on a Wednesday.[9]. Heart attack William Halsey Jr./Cause of death Halsey continued to play a key role in defeating the Japanese and bringing an end to World War II. In November, Halsey's willingness to place at risk his command's two fast battleships in the confined waters around Guadalcanal for a night engagement paid off with the U.S. Navy winning the battle, the decisive naval engagement of the Guadalcanal campaign that doomed the Japanese garrison and wrested control from the Japanese. On the dark, gray morning of December 18, 1944, Henry Plage, skipper of the destroyer escort USS Tabberer, and Jim Marks, captain of destroyer USS Hull, found themselves . At this point Ozawa's Northern Force was located by Third Fleet scout aircraft. The barometer continued to drop and the wind roared at 83 knots (154km/h) with gusts well over 100 knots (185km/h). "[15] Enterprise searched south and west of the Hawaiian islands for the Japanese attackers, but did not locate the six Japanese fleet carriers then retiring to the north and west. The "Big Blue Fleet" was the massive fleet that the U.S. Navy anticipated they would win the war with. Taking command of Carrier Division 2, Halsey hoisted his flag aboard the new carrier USS Yorktown. Ironically, too, both Halsey and his Japanese counterpart, Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, graduated from their countries naval academies in 1904. [58] His wife, Frances Grandy Halsey, is buried with him. The 6 year old was playing Minecraft with his 4 year old brother. While Vice Admiral John Sidney "Slew" McCain led fast-strike aircraft carriers against Japan, his son, John Sidney McCain, Jr., captained the submarine Gunnel. For this command, he received the Navy Cross. [31] In April 1943, Halsey assigned Rear Admiral Marc Mitscher to become Commander Air, Solomon Islands, where he directed a mixed bag of army, navy, marine and New Zealand aircraft in the airwar over Guadalcanal and up the Solomons chain. In the resulting Battle of Samar, Allied destroyers and escort carriers fought a valiant battle against Kurita's heavy ships. He was promoted to fleet admiral in December 1945 and retired from active service in March 1947. Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, determined to take the opportunity to engage them. . The couple had two children, Margaret Bradford (October 10, 1910) and William Fredrick Halsey Jr (Sept 8, 1915). His operations officer protested, "Goddammit, Admiral, you can't start a private war of your own! The Japanese Navy conserved itself in port and would sortie in force to engage the enemy. Gramma was severely in over her head as she asked us how we wanted to handle our son's virtual dog being negligently murdered by his brother. [53][54] Halsey is also the great-uncle of actor Charles Oliver Hand, known professionally as Brett Halsey, who chose his stage name as a reference to him.[55]. On the evening of December 17 Third Fleet was unable to land its combat air patrol due to the pitching and rolling decks of the carriers. Halsey attended the Pingry School. He played an important role in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of the war. Ghormley had been unsure of his command's ability to maintain the Marine toehold on Guadalcanal, and had been mindful of leaving them trapped there for a repeat of the Bataan Peninsula disaster. "[18] Halsey was an aggressive commander. Despite aerial reconnaissance reports on the night of October 2425 of Kurita's Center Force in the San Bernardino Strait, Halsey continued to take Third Fleet northwards, away from Leyte Gulf. Instead of returning on December 6 as planned, she was still 200 miles (320km) out at sea, when she received word that the surprise attack anticipated was not at Wake Island, but at Pearl Harbor itself. In 1937, Halsey went ashore as the commander of Naval Air Station, Pensacola. King, the head of the Bureau of Aeronautics, offered Halsey command of the carrier USS Saratoga. One year later, he was given additional duty as naval attach at the American Embassies in Christiania, Norway; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Stockholm, Sweden. The storm did not dampen Halsey's aggressive spirit. The staff officer who brought the dispatch to Halsey remarked "If they do that to us we will have to go on the defensive." Halsey's forces spent the rest of the year battling up the Solomon Islands chain to Bougainville. 544 Pages. The USS Halsey was named in his honor. [11][56][57] After lying in state in the Washington National Cathedral, he was interred on August 20, near his parents in Arlington National Cemetery. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II, Halsey found himself at sea aboard his flagship USS Enterprise. Answer (1 of 10): The admiral in question is RADM William Halsey, Jr., USN. Following this promotion, Halsey began a long series of command assignments aboard torpedo boats and destroyers beginning with the USS DuPont. (aged 69). The battle that ensued, known as the Battle of Leyte Gulf, . 4 year old triggered a creeper that blew up 6 year old's house and dog, Wolfy. After graduating in 1904, Halsey joined the USS Missouriand was later transferred to the USS Don Juan de Austria in December 1905. The adage "Capital ships cannot withstand land-based air power" was well known. But on the most famous occasion he did act stupidly. His awards include Navy Cross, 4 Navy . Halsey died on August 16, 1959 while holidaying on Fishers Island, New York. After interviewing Fletcher and reviewing his reports from the Coral Sea engagement, Nimitz was convinced that Fletcher's performance was sound, and he was given the responsibility of command in the defense of Midway. While Spruance was at sea operating the fleet, Halsey and his staff, self-dubbed the "Department of Dirty Tricks", would be planning the next series of operations. While detached stateside during his convalescence, he visited family and traveled to Washington D.C. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. The ensuing eulogies captured the myth of the man much more than they did the complicated man that lay somewhere beneath the image he and others had crafted during the war. After his first year in Charlottesville, Halsey finally received his appointment and entered the academy in 1900. The loss of his most aggressive and combat experienced carrier admiral, Halsey, on the eve of this crisis was a severe blow to Nimitz. After his service on Missouri, Halsey served aboard torpedo boats, beginning with USSDu Pont in 1909. A subsequent court of inquiry found that Halsey had erred, but did not recommend any punitive action. Halsey commanded a number of torpedo boats and destroyers during the 1910s and 1920s. At the time of Halsey's promotion to rear admiral, both rear admirals lower half (O-7) and rear admirals upper half (O-8) wore two stars. Halsey's scouts sighted Ozawa's carriers and believed Kurita's forces were defeated and retreating so Halsey chose to pursue Ozawa without properly informing Nimitz or Kinkaid of his intentions. Bill's siblings were Georgia V., Iowa Texas, Juanita Delores, Joseph Benjamin, Emory Scott Jr., Elizabeth Gwendollen, and Earl John West (d.y.). Bill died in La Jolla, Calif., Sept. 23, 2003. . Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Contributor: David Stubblebine ww2dbase In Dec 1944, elements of Admiral William Halsey's United States Third Fleet sailed into Typhoon Cobra where three warships and 790 lives were lost. After the cessation of hostilities, Halsey, still aggressively cautious of Japanese kamikaze attacks, ordered Third Fleet to maintain a protective air cover with the following communiqu: Cessation of hostilities.War is over. However, Halsey played the odds, declining to cancel planned operations and requiring the ships of Third Fleet to hold formation. Where was Frederick A Halsey born and raised? The following year, he served aboard the battleship USS Kansas as it took part in the cruise of the "Great White Fleet." He was a leading exponent of warfare using carrier-based aircraft and became known for his daring tactics. manning. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? jack fletcher waters heightmary calderon quintanilla 27 februari, 2023 / i list of funerals at luton crematorium / av / i list of funerals at luton crematorium / av On 16 August 1959, less than a month after the death of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, another five-star admiral, William F. Halsey, Jr., at the age of seventy-six died of a heart attack at Fishers Island, New York. application of binomial distribution in civil engineering eames replica lounge chair review eames replica lounge chair review At that time, the destroyer and the torpedo boat, through extremely hazardous delivery methods, were the most effective way to bring the torpedo into combat against capital ships. Where is the USS San Francisco? The officer is Lieutenant William F Halsey 3rd - his son. The carrier engagement on October 26, 1942, resulted in an American tactical defeat: Hornet was sunk in exchange for damage of two Japanese flattops. Halsey was asked about the weapons used to win the war and he answered: If I had to give credit to the instruments and machines that won us the war in the Pacific, I would rate them in this order: submarines first, radar second, planes third, bulldozers fourth.[50]. Halsey made the momentous decision to take all available strength northwards to destroy the Japanese carrier forces, planning to strike them at dawn of October 25. Kinkaid and his staff failed to confirm this with Halsey, and neither had confirmed this with Nimitz. After a brief assignment in the Office of Naval Intelligence, Halsey, now a commander, was sent to Berlin as the U.S. Ask a Librarian; Digital Collections; Library Catalogs; Search. Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey Jr. U.S. officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life. Frederick A. Halsey was born on July 12, 1856, at Unadilla, New York, the second of the three children of Doctor Gaius Leonard Halsey and his second wife, Juliet Carrington. Halsey's command shifted with it, and in May 1944 he was promoted to commanding officer of the newly formed Third Fleet. If you would like to use IWM collections materials in a way that is not covered above, require a commercial licence, high-resolution copies, or have manipulation requests, please contact theMedia Sales & Licensing Team. Here, instead of landing near the Japanese airfields and taking them away against the bulk of the Japanese defenders, Halsey landed his invasion force of 14,000 Marines in Empress Augusta Bay, about halfway up the west coast of Bougainville. Digital files of films and sound recordings are available at cost depending on intended use. The son of U.S. Navy Captain William Halsey, he spent his early years in Coronado and Vallejo, California. Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. Special Military Funeral. The same attributes that made Halsey an invaluable leader in the desperate early months of the war, his desire to bring the fight to the enemy, his willingness to take on a gamble, worked against him in the later stages of the war. With his determination and grit, Halsey had bolstered his command's resolve and seized the initiative from the Japanese until ships, aircraft and crews produced and trained in the States could arrive in 1943 and 1944 to tip the scales of the war in favor of the allies.[35]. For the next three days Third Fleet conducted search and rescue operations, finally retiring to Ulithi on 22 December 1944. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. By 10:00a.m. the next morning the barometer on the flagship was noted to be dropping precipitously. 26 May 1942. As a Navy junior, he made the usual round of schools prior to his appointment to the Naval Academy. Upon retirement, he joined the board of two subsidiaries of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company, including the American Cable and Radio Corporation, and served until 1957. These engagements checked the Japanese advance and drained their naval forces of carrier aircraft and pilots. Write by: There he had the Seabees clear and build their own airfield. Moreover, the Navy's ability to establish forward operating ports as they did at Majuro, Enewetak and Ulithi, and their ability to convoy supplies out to the combat task forces, allowed the fleet to operate for extended periods of time far out to sea in the central and western Pacific. On December 11, 1945, he took the oath as Fleet Admiral, becoming the fourth and still the most recent naval officer awarded that rank. richard halsey best cause of death richard halsey best cause of death. Answer (1 of 4): The requirement for the Enterprise to be preserved in a museum was to have a museum group demonstrate adequate funding raised to support and upkeep the ship; the Navy does not hand over ships just to see them rot from well-intentioned but underfunded groups. I have worked under him for over two years and have the greatest admiration and respect for him. [36] The two admirals were a contrast in styles. 14. "[32], Typical for the period was an exchange that occurred between Halsey and one of his staff officers in June 1943. William Halsey was the most famous naval officer of World War II. Best, a retired Security Manager at the Rand Corporation, died October 26, 2001, in Santa Monica, California. Losing Midway would have been a very serious threat because the Japanese then could easily take Hawaii and threaten the west coast of the United States. William F. Halsey, US Navy. [3] He took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of the Second World War and, by some criteria, the largest naval battle in history. Unable to take command during the impending Battle of Midway, Halsey chose his own . Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from Bill was a son of LtCol Emory Scott and Elizabeth Magdolen Price West who married 24 Oct 1899 in Jefferson, Greene, IA. Use on websites that are primarily information-led, research-oriented and not behind a paywall. Halsey was promoted to rear admiral in 1938. Naval Academy from his native state in 1902, he graduated from Annapolis on February 12, 1906 and commissioned an Ensign on February 13, 1908following two years at sea. [51] They married on December 1, 1909, at Christ Church in Norfolk. Two ships and their captains battle fate in the grip of an infamous typhoon [dropcap] T [/dropcap] he waves in the Philippine Sea were monstrous, as winds roared at up to 140 miles per hour. The admiral turned to the speaker and replied: "As long as I have one plane and one pilot, I will stay on the offensive."[33]. John S. McCain died four days after VJ Day of war-related stress. William Frederick Halsey III had huge shoes to fill. His heart was Navy blue and gold, and it pumped salt water each of his seventy-six years. He had spent nearly all of the previous six months on the bridge of the carrier Enterprise, directing the Navy's counterstrikes. Halsey received much criticism for his decisions during the battle, with naval historian Samuel Morison terming the Third Fleet run to the north "Halsey's Blunder". Halsey earned his wings on May 15, 1935, becoming the oldest individual, at age 52, to complete the course. Admiral Halsey Service Area, a north-bound rest area along the, Halsey has been portrayed in a number of other films and TV miniseries, played by. 8 What did William Halsey do in World War 1? However, poor eyesight young Bill ended up in the naval reserve as an avi. However Halsey's mistake was not in attacking Ozawa. In the desperate Battle off Samar which followed, Kurita's ships destroyed one of the escort carriers and three ships of the carriers' screen, and damaged a number of other ships as well. Spruance was calculating, professional, and cautious. In fairness, he received conflicting information from Pearl Harbor and his own staff. 2016. Halsey continued to play a key role in defeating the Japanese and bringing an end to World War II.