As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. and Germany, Leased from Panama If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 (New York, 2006), 179. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Also available in digital form. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain 1 0 obj The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. 3. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. Gadsden Purchase. Cover title. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership 10. 37. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. At upper left margin: No. 8. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). Relief shown by hachures. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . 41. Bicknell, Edward. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 1846. 2. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. <> Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. 11. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). Boston, Small, Maynard & company. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War More about Copyright and other Restrictions. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. endobj In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. It is generally held to be an illegal act. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a 1. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. U.S. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. 32. 42. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. If you have any questions please let me know.! 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. stream Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. state.gov. JFIF ` ` C This was an intellectually transformative event. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. 45. 5 0 obj Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 15. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? 26. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. 39. . A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. Oregon Territory. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a 1853. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. endobj (Santo Domingo, 1998). United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. The Greater United States (1904), . Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. The Greater United States is not my term. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. All instructions are in the template file. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. - Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. United States--Colonial question, - An acquisition occurs when a buying company . 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). 30. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. <>>> Discussion Board 5 12 34. endstream - Shattuc, W. B. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907).