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Midterm 2 Social Psy Chapter 7 Flashcards | Quizlet then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, people conform more in the 1980s than the 1960s. a. Respondents typically dislike them This elimination of diverse opinions contributes to faulty decision by the group. AgeIntervalNotpastdue130dayspastdue3160dayspastdue6190dayspastdue91180dayspastdueOver180dayspastdueBalance$1,250,000500,000190,00060,00036,00024,000$2,060,000PercentUncollectible3/4%35154080. The participants did not know that the learners were confederates and that the confederates did not actually receive shocks. Although some of these individuals may have had some doubts about the credibility of the information available to them at the time, in the end, the group arrived at a consensus that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and represented a significant threat to national security. C. To test specific hypotheses derived from a specific theory. 1. 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Within this work, we explore intention inference for user actions in the context of a handheld robot setup. Yet, when the researcher told the participant-teachers to continue the shock, 65% of the participants continued the shock to the maximum voltage and to the point that the learner became unresponsive (Figure 12.20). Social Psychology final (ex1-ex4) Flashcards | Quizlet a. Loafing; better The other two were actually confederates who-one after another-refused to continue shocking the victim. While Milgrams research raised serious ethical questions about the use of human subjects in psychology experiments, his results have also been consistently replicated in further experiments. (b) An audience is at a rock concert where people are dancing, singing, and possibly engaging in activities like crowd surfing. a. Informational social influence Experimental results suggest that the G-MMIE algorithm is able to adapt to arbitrary sequences of reaching motions and the gaze-based prior outperforms the uniform prior in terms of intention inference accuracy and average time of inference. you find the questions to be easy. Participants were also carefully screened to eliminate those who might experience adverse reactions to the experiment. One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University. Each person in a group of ten contributes less money to a tip for their waitperson than each person in a group of three d. social facilitation, ex4. A fourth, and final, application of Milgram's research is that it suggests specific preventive actions people can take to resist unwanted pressures from authorities: Question the authority's legitimacy. 12.4 Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience - OpenStax Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ____ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate. Burger (2009) partially replicated this study. Once they reached the 300-volt level, the learner would bang on the wall and demand to be released. "The slavish obedience to authority we have come to associate with Milgrams experiments comes to sound much more like bullying and coercion when you listen to these recordings," Perry suggested in an article for Discover Magazine. The experimenter then responded with a series of commands to prod the participant along: In the Milgram experiment, obedience was measured by the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. d. Are very recent developments in human beings, b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species, ex4. b. normative social influence a. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Milgram's discovery about the unexpectedly powerful human tendency to obey authorities can be applied to real life in several different ways. 4. 2016 19th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). The size of the majority: The greater the number of people in the majority, the more likely an individual will conform. Whether it is due to normative or informational social influence, groups have power to influence individuals. b. His famous conformity experiment demonstrated that people would change . Asking for someone's help gives that person power over your life. (1996). Some psychologists suggested that in spite of the changes made in the replication, the study still had merit and could be used to further explore some of the situational factors that also influenced the results of Milgram's study. Rebellion to tyrants is Obedience to God! 1. c. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, the perosn he hires will matter more than the strength of the arguments Winston's Rebellion In 1984 - 601 Words | Internet Public Library Milgram's Famous and Controversial Studies of Obedience. Wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success d. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, obtaining a credible promoter and gnereating strong arguments will both be more crucial than if the change will happen in five years, B. When the learner was in the same room as the teacher, the highest shock rate dropped to 40%. The research participant first read the list of words to the learner and then began testing him on his learning. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site ex1. Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group. Karau and Williams (1993) and Simms and Nichols (2014) reviewed the research on social loafing and discerned when it was least likely to happen. Instead, Milgram's sessions were mainly focused on calming the subjects down before sending them on their way. One review further research on obedience and found that Milgrams findings hold true in other experiments.In 2009, researchers conducted a study designed to replicate Milgram's classic obedience experiment. a. 14, pp. g(t)=t21tg(t)=t^2-\frac{1}{t} Want to cite, share, or modify this book? are licensed under a, Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and deliver a further shock. d. You are sill agitated after a heated phone call with you mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her attractive in your current state of arousal, b. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. It goes like this: "Obedience is behavior change produced by the commands of authority." In other words, someone gives you a direct order or command, and you comply with that order. Contesting the "nature" of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo's studies really show. A person who has been in the group for a long time, and usually goes along with the majority of the group. c. instrutmentation Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . While the truth was revealed to some months or even years later, many were simply never told a thing. Milgram's obedience to authority experiments: origins and early evolution. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of thought. Why does groupthink occur? Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. They were asked to identify which line segment from the first group (a, b, or c) most closely resembled the fourth line segment in length. The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called. Milgram s classic yet controversial experiment illustrates people's reluctance to confront those who abuse power. Using the data above, assume that the allowance for doubtful accounts for Selby's Bike Co. had a debit balance of $7,200\$ 7,200$7,200 as of December 31, 2016. When someones vote changes if it is made in public versus private, this is known as compliance. d. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes, D. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers don't endorse these stereotypes, ex2. d. the fundamental attribution error, ex2. b. loafing; worse The shock panel, as shown in Figure 7.7 "The Shock Apparatus Used in Milgram's Obedience Study", was presented in front of the teacher, and the learner was not visible in the shock room. and directly from Latin oboedientia "obedience," noun of quality from . 6. Which line on the righta, b, or cis the same length as line x on the left? Yes. The Wall Street Journal, pp. Why would people give the wrong answer? Groupthink is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). b. Dutton and Arno examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. 36, pp. Perry believes that despite all its ethical issues and the problem of never truly being able to replicate Milgram's procedures, the study has taken on the role of what she calls a "powerful parable.". Exegesis and Exposition of Ephesians 1:4 - academia.edu In Aschs study, the confederates identified a line segment that was obviously shorter than the target linea wrong answer. Clearly, the implications of Milgram's research have been greatest for understanding of the Holocaust. In a 2012 essay published in PLoS Biology, researchers suggested that the degree to which people are willing to obey the questionable orders of an authority figure depends largely on two key factors: While it is clear that people are often far more susceptible to influence, persuasion, and obedience than they would often like to be, they are far from mindless machines just taking orders. Alex changes his behavior in response to self-presentation concerns and various situations and thus he is exhibiting a high level of, ex1. Theory Appl Ethics. No one else seems concerned about the welfare of the woman lying down in the alley. When offered a financial incentive, conformity went. a. Primacy effects c. peripheral route persuasion (a) An audience is listening to a lecture and people are relatively quiet, still, and attentive to the speaker on the stage. While Milgram's reports of his process report methodical and uniform procedures, the audiotapes reveal something different. D. As a student procrastinates more her academic achievement decreases, ex1. b. (1984). A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to help save the squirrels. Springfield, IL: Smith Collins. Milgram's participants were in a group but Gamson . The role of interaction sequences and the timing of resistance in shaping obedience and defiance to authority. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. Researchers have categorized the motivation to conform into two types: normative social influence and informational social influence (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). The researchers reported that they explained the procedures and the use of deception. The public or private nature of the responses: When responses are made publicly (in front of others), conformity is more likely; however, when responses are made privately (e.g., writing down the response), conformity is less likely (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). Josephine bought her 6 year old nephew, Joe a new set of paints her his birthday. A TV producer is interested in whether women like soap operas moroe than sitcoms. a. research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that When the group is highly cohesive, or has a strong sense of connection, maintaining group harmony may become more important to the group than making sound decisions. Once people have accepted the right of an authority to direct our actions, Milgram argued, we relinquish responsibility to him or her and allow that person to define for us what is right or wrong. up when the task was difficult and down when the task was easy. Within experimental studies, the model is validated through a. d. competitive; individualist, ex4. Conformity is one effect of the influence of others on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. 8. Find the coordinates of all inflection points. Trends and participant comments suggesting peoples decision making changes in the presence of a robot anticipatory motion are found, and this change differs depending on the robot's anticipation strategy. American Psychologist. Group polarization (Teger & Pruitt, 1967) is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. \textbf{Age Interval} & \textbf{Balance} & \textbf{Percent Uncollectible}\\ Such findings cast Milgram's results in a new light. c. her family and friends also have negative attitudes toward smoking 117-122. A self-fulfiliing prophecy (1983) who tested 58 male participants of Kohlberg's original study. Sophia's overestimation is consistent with the Similarly, when the authority of the experimenter decreased, so did obedience. Milgram suggested that the subjects were "de-hoaxed" after the experiments. Ordinary men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland. It is shown that the handheld robot can mediate the helper's instructions and remote object interactions while the robot's semi-autonomous features improve task performance by 24%, reduce the workload for the remote user and decrease required communication bandwidth between both users. Harper & Row. ("CNN Official Interview: Colin Powell now regrets UN speech about WMDs," 2010). The fact that Yale (a trusted and authoritative academic institution) sponsored the study led many participants to believe that the experiment must be safe. c. requires the physical presence of at least one other person (credit a: modification of work by Matt Brown; credit b: modification of work by Christian Holmr). Jamie first asks the professor for a one- week extension for the paper assignment. The researchers noted that social loafing could be alleviated if, among other situations, individuals knew their work would be assessed by a manager (in a workplace setting) or instructor (in a classroom setting), or if a manager or instructor required group members to complete self-evaluations. Participants were then shown a fourth line segment: x. Br J Soc Psychol. Therefore, maureen steps over her as well, figuring that she is simply drunk or asleep and not in need of emergency assistance. 781 Words | 4 Pages. 10. The shocks were said to be painful, not dangerous. A true debriefing would have involved explaining that the shocks weren't real and that the other person was not injured. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It later came to light that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction, but not until the invasion was well underway. ex1. These results suggested that people are highly influenced by authority, and highly obedient.More recent investigations cast doubt on some of the implications of Milgram's findings and even the results and procedures themselves. Given that people can self-select media outlets that are most consistent with their own political views, they are less likely to encounter opposing viewpoints. The likelihood of social loafing in student work groups increases as the size of the group increases (Shepperd & Taylor, 1999). 2015 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI). Compliance can be a form of conformity. Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Rebellion and Obedience: The Effects of Intention Prediction in Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. b. Recent findings undermine the scientific validity of the study. this finding best illustrates Selby's Bike Co, is a wholesaler of motorcycle supplies. Harding (2018) compared groups of students who had self-selected into groups for class to those who had been formed by flocking, which involves assigning students to groups who have similar schedules and motivations. Isabelle Adam (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) via Flickr. These variations show that when the humanity of the person being shocked was increased, obedience decreased. The participants in the most famous variation of the Milgram experiment were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. b. occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others fear the negative social consequences of rejection that can follow appearing deviant. b. When the researcher gave the orders by phone, the rate dropped to 23%. Hiroko is usually very agreeable and goes along with his friends' plans. c. Financially Jamal is in the working class. c. A teacher can exert more control over a large class than a small class Russell NJC. Race can influence the thought processes of police officers, but very rarely their actual behavior People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply. \end{array} HIs parents were also working class, A. The accurate and robust results obtained have shown the feasibility of the proposed EHMM for human intention learning and inference to improve the intuitive cooperative capability of the robot. He found among a multicultural sample of women and men that their levels of obedience matched Milgram's research. Mr. Belding's actions reflect his understanding of This invasion occurred because a small group of advisors and former President George W. Bush were convinced that Iraq represented a significant terrorism threat with a large stockpile of weapons of mass destruction at its disposal. His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. and you must attribute OpenStax. We did not need Milgram's research to inform us that people have a propensity to obey authority; what it did enlighten us about is the surprising strength of that tendency-that many people are willing to obey destructive orders that conflict with their moral principles and commit acts which they would not carry out on their own initiative. He concluded people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative--even when acting against their own better judgment and desires. Research suggests that overall rates of conformity may have reduced since the time of Aschs research. Third, the obedience experiments have been widely used in various domains to create broader organizational changes in large segments of society. b. However, Perry's findings revealed that of the 700 or so people who took part in different variations of his studies between 1961 and 1962, very few were truly debriefed. c. consolidated within one distant target. Limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field Some of the major ethical issues in the experiment were related to: Due to concerns about the amount of anxiety experienced by many of the participants, everyone was supposedly debriefed at the end of the experiment. Obeying and Resisting Malevolent Orders This rich volume explores the complex problem of obedience and conformity, re-examining Stanley Milgram's famous electric shock study, and presenting the findings of the most extensive . When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people around us. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. To some extent this may be true. What if the person believes it is incorrect, or worse, unethical? Involves less direct pressure form others citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. The finding that conformity is more likely to occur when responses are public than when they are private is the reason government elections require voting in secret, so we are not coerced by others (Figure 12.18). Based on research on counterfactual thinking, in which scenario is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer? 1. teddy wants everyone in her department to do well. b. Phsyically attractive men because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men In response to a string of incorrect answers from the learners, the participants obediently and repeatedly shocked them. Participants were subjected to significant psychological and emotional distress. a. false-consensus effect While participants believed that they were delivering real shocks to the student, the student was a confederate in the experiment who was only pretending to be shocked. 371-78. The participants were told that they were to teach other students (learners) correct answers to a series of test items. a. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for Vito to draw? A frequent argument contained in these sources is that laws requiring police officers to obtain voluntary consent to conduct searches are essentially toothless. The compliance technique in which compliance to a desired request is increased by first gaining compliance to a smaller, but related, request is called ______________________________________________. According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 US election. Milgram's work is also not truly replicable due to its ethical problems. Financially, Jamal is in the upper-middle class. Abstract. Are you the type who will do most of the work, even though the final grade will be shared? For example, if the teacher asks whether the children would rather have extra recess, no homework, or candy, once a few children vote, the rest will comply and go with the majority.